Viola terceira
| String | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Viola Terceira |
| Classification | String instrument |
| Hornbostel–Sachs classification |
321.322 (Composite chordophone) |
| Related instruments | |
| Viola caipira, Viola Beiroa, Viola Braguesa, Viola Campanica, Viola Da Terra, Viola De Arame, Viola Sertaneja, Viola Toeira, Viola Amarantina | |
The Viola da Terceira is a stringed musical instrument from the Portuguese islands of the archipelago of the Azores, associated with the island of Terceira.
History
The viola and other string instruments were brought during the Portuguese maritime expansion to the Azores, Madeira, Cape Verde, Brazil and other locales, becoming common in the populations.[1] Due to its importance in Portuguese music it likely arrived in Angola, Goa and Macau, and as far as Hawaii by the 19th century, where it became the forerunner of the ukulele.[1] These early cordophones, the violas, had characteristics identical to the modern instruments, and great importance along the Iberian Peninsula, where it appeared in iconography, poems and diverse literature.[1] The chronicler Gaspar Frutuoso, who identified it as just a "Viola", suggested that it first arrived in the Azores in the second half of the 19th century, brought the first settlers.[1][2] There is little documentation that dates the arrival of the Portuguese Violas de Arame in the islands of the Azores.[3]
In the second quarter of the 15th century, Santa Maria and São Miguel were the first islands to be settled.[3] It is likely natural that these early string instruments arrived in the baggage of its first colonists.[3][4] The oldest reference to this instrument appeared in documents associated with the sale of lands around 1479, where the property-owner received in trade four rams and a viola.[3][4] But, no records show the type or number of instruments that arrived by Azorean colonists, and over time the construction of new Violas based on the originals resulted in a substantial difference between island and continental instruments.[4] Yet, the methods and materials used in its construction were basically the same.[4]
The Azorean Viola was the privilege of the nobility and wealthy people, creating strong roots in local culture, becoming party of the grooms marriage dowry in most cases.[3]
Instrument
The instrument has 15 strings in six courses, from thin to thick:[3]
- first order: 2 chords, Mi;
- second order: 2 chords, Si;
- third order: 2 chords, Sol;
- fourth order: 3 chords, Ré (stave and two steel chords);
- fifth order: 3 chords, Lá (stave and two steel chords); and
- sixth order: 3 chords, Mi (major stave and two thinner)
It is tuned E3 E3 E2, A3 A3 A2, D3 D3 D2, G3 G2, B3 B3, E3 E3.
References
Notes
Sources
- Frutuoso, Gaspar (2005), Saudades da terra. rev. do texto e reformulação de índices Jerónimo Cabral (in Portuguese), Ponta Delgada (Azores), Portugal: Instituto Cultural of Terceira
- Nascimento, José Wellington do (2012), Viola da Terra, Património e Identidade Açoriana (in Portuguese), Ponta Delgada (Azores), Portugal: University of the Azores
- The Stringed Instrument Database
- ATLAS of Plucked Instruments