Hiberna

For Roman military winter camps, see Castra hiberna.

Hiberna in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was also known as "chleb zimowy" (winters bread) and it was an obligation to guarantee accommodation for troops during winter time. It was a an obligation of Królewszczyzna (crown lands) and church estates. Initially it was paid-in-kind, in 1649-1652 it was a targeted tax to support the troops collected by Grand Crown Hetlam. Over time hiberna absorbed some other taxes (e.g. Jewish poll tax and kwarta) and extended to other population categories.[1]

The term is borrowed from ancient Rome, where the castra hiberna were a winter camps for Roman legions.

References

  1. ↑ Scepter of Judah: The Jewish Autonomy in the Eighteenth-Century Crown Poland, pp. 16-17
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