Foreign relations of South Africa

South Africa relations are quite strong, as the ruling parties in both nations – the African National Congress in South Africa and the MPLA in Angola – fought together during the Angolan Civil War and South African Border War. They fought against UNITA rebels, based in Angola, and the apartheid-era government in South Africa who supported them. Nelson Mandela mediated between the MPLA and UNITA factions during the last years of Angola's civil war.

• Lesotho has a high commission in South Africa.
• South Africa has a high commission in Lesotho.

• Madagascar has an embassy in Pretoria.
• South Africa has an embassy in Antananarivo.

Since South Africa and Malawi had their first democratic elections in 1994, Malawi and South Africa have enhanced relations. In 2008, the two governments signed a Memorandum of Understanding designed to enhance the relationship between the two countries through enhanced security cooperation.^[3]

Upon independence in 1990, Namibia's economy was still tied to South Africa's.^[4] To this day, the economy of Namibia is still closely contacted to South Africa through both institutional relationships (Southern African Customs Union, for example) and privately owned mining concessions.^[5] The South African rand is still legal currency within Namibia (while the Namibian dollar is not so in South Africa), and the currencies are traded on par locally.

South Africa has a mission in Harare. Zimbabwe has an embassy in Pretoria and a consulate general in Johannesburg. The Government of Zimbabwe took a particular interest in the search for independence for Namibia (South-West Africa) from South Africa. In addition, as chairman of the front-line states in southern Africa, Zimbabwe spoke out vigorously against the policies of apartheid in South Africa and frequently called for the imposition of economic sanctions against the government. However, whilst supporting democratic change in South Africa, Mugabe did not support the idea of Zimbabwe being used as a base for anti-South African guerillas.^[6]

In recent years, following the political crisis in the country, the ex-president Thabo Mbeki mediated with the MDC and Zanu PF to form a unity government, and often remained silent on the issues in Zimbabwe, which drew criticism.^[7] Following a cholera outbreak in Zimbabwe, the ruling ANC in South Africa became impatient and has urged the parties to form a unity government.^[8]

Armenia-South Africa relations

• Diplomatic relations between Armenia and South Africa were established on 23 June 1993.^[9]
• Armenia is represented in South Africa through its embassy in Cairo, Egypt.^[10]
• South Africa is represented in Armenia through its embassy in Kiev, Ukraine.^[10]

• Belarus has an embassy in Pretoria^[12]
• South Africa is represented in Belarus through its embassy in Moscow, Russia^[12]

Interest Offices between South Africa and Bulgaria were opened initially in November 1990 and full diplomatic relations was established on 2 February 1992. Bulgaria has an embassy in Pretoria and South Africa is represented in Bulgaria through its embassy in Athens (Greece).

• South African Department of Foreign Affairs about relations with Bulgaria

Cyprus-South Africa relations

• Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 December 1993.^[13][14]
• Cyprus has a High Commission in Pretoria.^[15]
• South Africa is represented in Cyoprus through its embassy in Athens, Greece.^[13]

• South Africa has strong cultural and historical links to the European Union (EU) (particularly through immigration from the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Germany, France, and Greece) and the EU is South Africa's biggest investor.^[16]
• Since the end of South Africa's apartheid, EU – South African relations have flourished and they began a "Strategic Partnership" in 2007. In 1999 the two sides signed a Trade, Development and Cooperation Agreement (TDCA) which entered into force in 2004, with some provisions being applied from 2000. The TDCA covered a wide range of issues from political cooperation, development and the establishment of a free trade area (FTA).^[16]
• South Africa is the EU's largest trading partner in Southern Africa and has a FTA with the EU. South Africa's main exports to the EU are fuels and mining products (27%), machinery and transport equipment (18%) and other semi-manufactured goods (16%). However they are growing and becoming more diverse. European exports to South Africa are primarily machinery & transport equipment (50%), chemicals (15%) and other semi-machinery (10%).^[17]

• A South African legation was established in 1967 and relations were then upgraded to ambassadorial level in March 1991. Finland has an embassy in Pretoria, a general consulate in Johannesburg and a consulate in Cape Town. South Africa has an embassy in Helsinki. During World War II South Africa declared war on Finland.

• Russia has an embassy in Pretoria and a consulate-general in Cape Town.^[18]
• South Africa has an embassy in Moscow.^[19]
• South African Department of Foreign Affaires about the relation with Russia

• Serbia has an embassy in Pretoria.^[20]
• South Africa is represented in Serbia through its embassy in Athens (Greece).

• South Africa has an embassy in Bern and a general consulate in Geneva.
• Switzerland has an embassy in Pretoria and a general consulate in Cape Town.
• South African Department of Foreign Affairs abou relations with Switzerland
• Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs about relations with South Africa

• Diplomatic relations were established at consular level in 1991 and consulates-general were opened in Istanbul and Johannesburg respectively.
• Both consulates were closed following the upgrading of relations to ambassadorial level in October 1992.
• South Africa has an embassy in Ankara.^[21]
• Turkey has an embassy in Pretoria.
• See also Turks in South Africa
• Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with South Africa

• South Africa established its Embassy in Kiev in October 1992.
• Ukraine established its Embassy in Pretoria in 1995.^[22]
• South African Department of Foreign Affairs about relations with Ukraine

• South Africa and the United Kingdom have a shared history, cultural links and similar systems of law and finance.
• South Africa is the UK's largest trade partner in Africa and an important partner for the UK in a number of areas. The two countries also have a bilateral forum where representatives meet on a bi-annual basis so as to enhance economic and political relations.^[23]
• There are large numbers of South Africans living in the UK. There is also a large number of UK citizens and people of UK descent living in South Africa.
• As of 2013 the UK is the top direct foreign investor in the South African economy and is also one of the largest export markets for South Africa.^[24]

• Diplomatic relations were cut off in 1982 with the Falklands War. Full diplomatic relations between both countries were re-established in August 1991.
• Argentina has an embassy in Pretoria^[25]
• South Africa has an embassy in Buenos Aires.^[26]
• Both countries are members of the Cairns Group.
• List of Treaties ruling relations Argentina and South Africa (Argentine Foreign Ministry, in Spanish)
• South African Department of Foreign Affairs about relations with Argentina

Brazil has provided military assistance to South Africa in the form of warfare training and logistics. Bilateral relations between the countries have recently increased, as a result of Brazil's new South-South foreign policy aimed to strengthen integration between the major powers of the developing world.

Canada established its diplomatic relations with South Africa in 1939, along with other nations, due to the outbreak of World War II. Canada actively encouraged the end of Apartheid in South Africa and the countries have had normal relations since then. The Constitution of South Africa was, in part, inspired by the Constitution of Canada, particularly the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Former South African President Nelson Mandela made an official state visit to Canada in September 1998. Mandela was made an honorary Canadian citizen, during his second visit to Canada. A 2003 visit by President Thabo Mbeki in November 2003, the Joint Declaration of Intent was signed to strengthen relations between the two countries. Canada has assisted South Africa in the areas of development (over $200 million) and the fight against AIDS in South Africa and to strengthen services provided by the Government of South Africa. Trade between the two countries totalled $1.8 billion in 2008.^[27]

Canada and South Africa are both member states of the Commonwealth of Nations.

Both countries are members of the Commonwealth of Nations. Diplomatic relations were established on 29 April 1998.^[28]

• Both countries established diplomatic relations on November 4, 1994.^[29]
• South Africa is represented in Guyana through its High Commission in Kingston, Jamaica.^[29]

There were no official relations between Mexico and South Africa before 1993. After the birth of democracy in South Africa, the countries established relations.

• Mexico has an embassy in Pretoria.^[30]
• South Africa has an embassy in Mexico City.^[31]

The United States has maintained an official presence in South Africa since 1799, when an American consulate was opened in Cape Town. The U.S. Embassy is located in Pretoria, and Consulates General are in Johannesburg, Durban and Cape Town. Americans and South Africans also have many non-governmental ties: American missionaries, for example, have a long history of activity in South Africa. South Africans (particularly the ANC leadership) also acknowledge support from and ties to the anti-apartheid movement in the U.S.

• Date started: 1947
• Australia has a High Commission in Pretoria.
• South Africa has a High Commission in Canberra.

• Date started: January 1998
• The PRC has an embassy in Pretoria.
• South Africa has an embassy in Beijing and a Consulate-General in both Hong Kong and Shanghai.

Despite Pretoria's long relationship with the government in Taiwan and late recognition of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1998 the two countries currently enjoy an increasingly close relationship. Increasingly numerous official visits to each other's countries by their respective officials and rapidly increasing trade between the two countries has drawn them ever increasingly together.

• Period of recognition: 1949 – January 1998
• Taiwan has a Taipei Liaison Office in Pretoria.
• South Africa has a Taiwan Liaison Office in Taipei.

Relations were established between the two countries in 1949 and grew considerably after 1971 until South Africa announced that it would switch recognition from the government in Taipei to the People's Republic of China in December 1996.

There is a major resident Indian community in South Africa that made a significant contribution to the struggle for civil rights; Indian leader Mahatma Gandhi pioneered the non-violent civil disobedience in the struggle of Indian people for civil rights in the 1890s and 1900s.^[32] Indians also contributed to the African National Congress's struggle against the Apartheid regime. The Indian government was an outspoken critic of the apartheid-era South African government, refusing to maintain diplomatic relations.^[33] India's support evoked goodwill in South Africa and other African countries.^[33]

South Africa and Iran share historical bilateral relations and the latter supported the South African liberation movements. It severed official relations with South Africa in 1979 and imposed a trade boycott in protest against the country's Apartheid policies. However, in January 1994, Iran lifted all trade and economic sanctions against South Africa and diplomatic relations were reestablished on 10 May 1994.^[34]

Former ANC leader Nelson Mandela first visited Israel in 1999. Mandela said: "To the many people who have questioned why I came, I say: Israel worked very closely with the apartheid regime. I say: I've made peace with many men who slaughtered our people like animals. Israel cooperated with the apartheid regime, but it did not participate in any atrocities".^[35] Then Israeli Deputy Prime Minister Ehud Olmert visited South Africa in 2004,^[36] meeting with South African President Thabo Mbeki, the first visit by an Israeli leader since the end of apartheid.

• New Zealand has a high commission in Pretoria.^[37]
• South Africa has a high commission in Wellington.^[38]

• Establishment of Diplomatic Relations : 1 December 1992.^[39]

• Date started: 12 September 1999(Newly Formed)
• Sri Lanka has a High Commission in Pretoria
• South Africa has a High Commission in Colombo